Renewable Energy PPA (Direct / Corporate / Solar Rooftop)

PPA พลังงานหมุนเวียน (Direct PPA / Corporate PPA / Solar Rooftop) · § Instrument
Quick Answer
PPA drafting 15–25 yrs · tariff structure (fixed/CPI-linked/curtailment risk) · deemed generation · take-or-pay · change in law · force majeure · termination + step-in rights · ERC licensing · EPPO approval · EGAT interconnection agreement.
Timeline: PPA drafting 6–10 wk · ERC review 60–120 days · interconnection study 90–180 days · construction 6–18 mo · COD 12–24 mo total.
Official fee: ERC licensing 0.02% of project cost (cap THB 500k) · interconnection study THB 200k–800k · EGAT connection charge per kW+km · wheeling charge ~THB 0.20–0.60/kWh (pending).
Legal Basis
Energy Industry Act B.E. 2550 · ERC Regulation 2022 on Direct PPA · Solar Rooftop Self-Consumption + Sell (SPP/VSPP) · Enhanced Single Buyer (ESB) 2026 · Green Tariff (UGT) · Wheeling charge · EGAT/PEA/MEA interconnection rules · Energy Conservation Promotion Act B.E. 2535.
Who Needs This
Factories seeking RE100 · data centers · hotels/malls · solar plant owners ≥ 1 MW · VSPP/SPP developers · MNCs in EEC/BOI mandating RE.
Required Documents
- Single line diagram + inverter/panel spec sheets
- Site plan + soil report + shading analysis (PVsyst)
- EPC + O&M contracts + performance guarantee
- 25-yr financial model + sensitivity (curtailment, tariff, degradation)
- Property + BI + third-party liability insurance
- Environmental screening (EIA if > 10 MW).
Common Pitfalls
- Curtailment risk: EGAT orders derating during grid over-supply · no deemed generation = 5–15% revenue loss.
- Weak change-in-law clause = tariff change and offtaker refuses payment · explicit pass-through required.
- Bank step-in rights must be in PPA + tripartite agreement · absence = project finance impossible.
- Direct PPA cross-utility not fully open · route via UGT or ESB pilot · confirm with ERC before signing.
- REC ownership: buyer wants for RE100, seller may double-sell · state clearly.
Typical Use-cases
- AWS data center 40 MW corporate PPA 20 yrs
- 8 MW rooftop solar on Central mall · 70% self-consume + 30% VSPP sell
- 90 MW wind farm in Nakhon Ratchasima · EGAT PPA
- 3 MW pig-farm biogas · PEA PPA.
FAQ
- Is Direct PPA live in Thailand yet?
- Pilot via ESB scheme · Q2/2026 expected full opening · currently use Green Tariff (UGT) or private wire within industrial estates.
- Rooftop solar self-consumption license?
- ≤ 200 kW notify ERC + PEA/MEA · > 200 kW type 3 license · > 1 MW ERC COD + EIA screening required.
- Best PPA tariff structure?
- MNCs prefer fixed 15–20 yrs = clear risk allocation · CPI-linked hedges inflation · take-or-pay 80–90% protects vs offtaker disappearing.
- Can REC be sold separately?
- Yes via I-REC registry · 1 REC = 1 MWh · USD 0.5–4/REC · no double-counting with other credits.
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Official sources — legal services
The information on this page follows the official sources below. Always check the latest version before you file.
- สำนักงานศาลยุติธรรม— Office of the Judiciary
- กระทรวงยุติธรรม— Ministry of Justice
- สภาทนายความในพระบรมราชูปถัมภ์ — ทนายความผู้ทำคำรับรองลายมือชื่อและเอกสาร— Lawyers Council of Thailand
- สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา — ฐานข้อมูลกฎหมายไทย— Office of the Council of State
- ราชกิจจานุเบกษา — ประกาศและกฎหมายที่มีผลบังคับ— Royal Thai Government Gazette
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Frequently asked questions
- Can a foreigner own 100% of a Thai company?
- Generally no for activities listed in the Foreign Business Act, where majority foreign ownership requires a Foreign Business Licence, a BOI promotion, or treaty rights such as the US–Thailand Treaty of Amity. Manufacturing and certain export activities are largely open, and BOI-promoted activities can permit full foreign ownership together with land-holding and visa privileges, so the right structure depends on the specific activity.
- What is the minimum registered capital for a Thai company?
- There is no general statutory minimum for a Thai-majority company, but practical thresholds apply: THB 2 million of paid-up registered capital per foreign work permit, or THB 1 million if the foreigner is married to a Thai national, and THB 3 million per foreign shareholder for a Foreign Business Licence. Capital should therefore be planned around the visa and work-permit outcome you need, not the incorporation minimum.
- How long does company registration take?
- Registration at the Department of Business Development can be completed within one to three working days once the name reservation, shareholder documents and company objectives are ready, and the VAT registration and social security registration follow afterwards. The realistic end-to-end timeline including bank account opening is two to six weeks, with the bank account usually being the slowest step for foreign directors.
- What ongoing accounting obligations does a Thai company have?
- Every Thai company must keep statutory accounts, file monthly withholding tax (PND 1, 3, 53) and VAT (PP 30) returns by the middle of the following month, file the half-year corporate income tax return (PND 51) and the annual return (PND 50), and have its financial statements audited by a Thai CPA and filed with the DBD each year. Dormant companies are not exempt — nil returns and an audited statement are still required.






